![]() By the mid-18th century, India was a major proto-industrializing region. ![]() Particularly in the Indian subcontinent, Mughal architecture, culture, and art reached their zenith, while the empire itself is believed to have had the world's largest economy, bigger than the entirety of Western Europe and worth 25% of global GDP. In the Islamic world, after the fall of the Timurid Renaissance, powers such as the Ottoman, Suri, Safavid, and Mughal empires grew in strength (three of which are known as gunpowder empires for the military technology that enabled them). The Ottoman Empire conquered Southeastern Europe, and parts of West Asia and North Africa. ![]() Notably, the Atlantic slave trade and colonization of Native Americans began during this period. The rise of sustained contacts between previously isolated parts of the globe, in particular the Columbian Exchange that linked the Old World and the New World, greatly altered the human environment. The European colonization of the Americas began during the early modern period, as did the establishment of European trading hubs in Asia and Africa, which contributed to the spread of Christianity around the world. In the Americas, pre-Columbian peoples had built a large and varied civilization, including the Aztec Empire, the Inca civilization, the Maya civilization and its cities, and the Muisca. Advances in ship-building technology during the Late Middle Ages would pave the way for the global European presence characteristic of the early modern period. A Japanese depiction of a Portuguese trading carrack. The early period ended in a time of political and economic change, as a result of mechanization in society, the American Revolution, and the first French Revolution other factors included the redrawing of the map of Europe by the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and the peace established by the Second Treaty of Paris, which ended the Napoleonic Wars. Īs the Age of Revolutions dawned, beginning with revolts in America and France, political changes were then pushed forward in other countries partly as a result of upheavals of the Napoleonic Wars and their impact on thought and thinking, from concepts from nationalism to organizing armies. The Great Divergence took place as Western Europe greatly surpassed China in technology and per capita wealth. Russia reached the Pacific coast in 1647 and consolidated its control over the Russian Far East in the 19th century. The globalization of the period can be seen in the medieval North Italian city-states and maritime republics, particularly Genoa, Venice, and Milan. Along with the European colonization of the Americas, this period also contained the Commercial Revolution and the Golden Age of Piracy. The old order was destabilized by the Protestant Reformation, which caused a backlash that expanded the Inquisition and sparked the disastrous European wars of religion, which included the especially bloody Thirty Years' War and ended with the establishment of the modern international system in the Peace of Westphalia. Feudalism declined in Europe, and Christendom saw the end of the Crusades and of religious unity in Western Europe under the Roman Catholic Church. Other themes Overview Map of the world, by Paolo Petrini, 1700Īt the onset of the early modern period, trends in various regions of the world represented a shift away from medieval modes of organization, politically and economically. Other notable trends of the period include the development of experimental science, increasingly rapid technological progress, secularized civic politics, accelerated travel due to improvements in mapping and ship design, and the emergence of nation states.ĭates are approximate. The early modern period also included the rise of the dominance of mercantilism as an economic theory. ![]() New economies and institutions emerged, becoming more sophisticated and globally articulated over the course of the period. Historians in recent decades have argued that, from a worldwide standpoint, the most important feature of the early modern period was its spreading globalizing character. Although the chronological limits of this period are open to debate, the timeframe is variously demarcated by historians as beginning with the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Renaissance period in Europe and Timurid Central Asia, the end of the Crusades, the Age of Discovery (especially the voyages of Christopher Columbus beginning in 1492 but also Vasco da Gama's discovery of the sea route to India in 1498), and ending around the French Revolution in 1789, or Napoleon's rise to power. 1350–1500) to the beginning of the Age of Revolutions ( c. The early modern period of modern history spans the period after the Late Middle Ages ( c. ![]()
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